广盐性鱼类渗透压适应性与生理可塑性机制研究     

马爱军  崔文晓  刘志峰  张金生  黄智慧  杨双双  刘晓菲  杨凯  张薇 《海洋与湖沼》2018,49(6):1308-1317

拥有强大的渗透压调节能力对广盐性鱼类的生存至关重要。目前,关于鱼类渗透压调节机制已有不少研究,但均存在较大的局限性。本文从广盐性鱼类渗透压信号转导机制、渗透胁迫的细胞调控机制、渗透调控的内分泌调节机制和无机离子通道和转运蛋白介导的渗透调控等方面对广盐性鱼类的渗透压适应性和生理可塑性机制进行分析,以期从分子、细胞、通路和生理等层次初步探索广盐性鱼类盐度胁迫后的可塑性表型变化和不同盐度条件下的应答机制,为广盐性鱼类的渗透压调节机制的深入研究奠定基础。对广盐性鱼类渗透压适应性与生理可塑性机制研究,有助于研究其环境适应机理,促进野生鱼种的人工化养殖以及新品种的育种从而提高经济效益、社会效益和生态效益,对促进水产养殖学进步以及养殖业的发展具有重要意义,同时,为研究广盐性鱼类的渗透压调节机制开辟新的研究方向。  相似文献   

离子色谱法测定海水中氯离子和硫酸根离子     

王丕波  曾艳敏  闫晶  殷丽娜  任登龙 《海洋科学》2020,44(11):52-56

氯离子和硫酸根离子是海水中重要的无机阴离子，在研究海洋生态变化、海洋循环作用过程与海洋全球气候变化等领域具有重要的指示意义。其测定方法较多，但缺少相应的测试方法。本文对测定海水中Cl^-，SO₄^2-的离子色谱方法进行了优化，选用IonPacAS14碳酸盐选择性离子色谱柱，以3.5 mmol/L Na₂CO₃+1 mmol/L NaHCO₃为流动相，可消除海水样品中碳酸盐及其他阴离子的干扰。该方法对Cl^-检出限为0.29 mg/L，线性相关系数r²=0.999 2，对SO₄^2-检出限为0.42 mg/L，线性相关系数r²=0.997 9。样品的加标回收率在95%~102%，Cl^-和SO₄^2-的相对标准偏差分别为1.92%和4.18%。该方法简便、迅速、灵敏、准确度高，可满足批量海水样品中Cl^-与SO₄^2-的准确测试。  相似文献   

New Reference Materials and Assessment of Matrix Effects for SIMS Measurements of Oxygen Isotopes in Garnet     

Alice Vho  Daniela Rubatto  Benita Putlitz  Anne‐Sophie Bouvier 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(3):459-471

Accurate ion microprobe analysis of oxygen isotope ratios in garnet requires appropriate reference materials to correct for instrumental mass fractionation that partly depends on the garnet chemistry (matrix effect). The matrix effect correlated with grossular, spessartine and andradite components was characterised for the Cameca IMS 1280HR at the SwissSIMS laboratory based on sixteen reference garnet samples. The correlations fit a second‐degree polynomial with maximum bias of ca. 4‰, 2‰ and 8‰, respectively. While the grossular composition range 0–25% is adequately covered by available reference materials, there is a paucity of them for intermediate compositions. We characterise three new garnet reference materials GRS2, GRS‐JH2 and CAP02 with a grossular content of 88.3 ± 1.2% (2s), 83.3 ± 0.8% and 32.5 ± 3.0%, respectively. Their micro scale homogeneity in oxygen isotope composition was evaluated by multiple SIMS sessions. The reference δ¹⁸O value was determined by CO₂ laser fluorination (δ¹⁸O_LF). GRS2 has δ¹⁸O_LF = 8.01 ± 0.10‰ (2s) and repeatability within each SIMS session of 0.30–0.60‰ (2s), GRS‐JH2 has δ¹⁸O_LF = 18.70 ± 0.08‰ and repeatability of 0.24–0.42‰ and CAP02 has δ¹⁸O_LF = 4.64 ± 0.16‰ and repeatability of 0.40–0.46‰.  相似文献   

Development and Re‐Evaluation of Tourmaline Reference Materials for In Situ Measurement of Boron δ Values by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry     

Katharina Marger  Matthieu Harlaux  Andrea Rielli  Lukas P. Baumgartner  Andrea Dini  Barbara L. Dutrow  Anne‐Sophie Bouvier 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(3):593-615

Six tourmaline samples were investigated as potential reference materials (RMs) for boron isotope measurement by secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). The tourmaline samples are chemically homogeneous and cover a compositional range of tourmaline supergroup minerals (primarily Fe, Mg and Li end‐members). Additionally, they have homogeneous boron delta values with intermediate precision values during SIMS analyses of less than 0.6‰ (2s). These samples were compared with four established tourmaline RMs, that is, schorl IAEA‐B‐4 and three Harvard tourmalines (schorl HS#112566, dravite HS#108796 and elbaite HS#98144). They were re‐evaluated for their major element and boron delta values using the same measurement procedure as the new tourmaline samples investigated. A discrepancy of about 1.5‰ in δ¹¹B was found between the previously published reference values for established RMs and the values determined in this study. Significant instrumental mass fractionation (IMF) of up to 8‰ in δ¹¹B was observed for schorl–dravite–elbaite solid solutions during SIMS analysis. Using the new reference values determined in this study, the IMF of the ten tourmaline samples can be modelled by a linear combination of the chemical parameters FeO + MnO, SiO₂ and F. The new tourmaline RMs, together with the four established RMs, extend the boron isotope analysis of tourmaline towards the Mg‐ and Al‐rich compositional range. Consequently, the in situ boron isotope ratio of many natural tourmalines can now be determined with an uncertainty of less than 0.8‰ (2s).  相似文献   

2010—2020年黄河下游河南典型灌区浅层地下水中砷和氟的演化特征及变化机制     

任宇  曹文庚  潘登  王帅  李泽岩  李谨丞 《岩矿测试》2021,(6):846-859

黄河下游典型灌区河南段是豫北平原重要的农业种植区。该地区浅层水质整体较差,因常用于作物灌溉或家畜饮用,会对人体健康产生风险,因此对该地区地下水中砷与氟浓度变化特征和机制的研究将有助于提高对该地区地下水污染的认识水平。本文基于2010年和2020年在灌区范围内采集的327组浅层地下水样品,研究区内地下水砷和氟分布情况,并在此基础上对比研究十年间灌区浅层地下水中砷、氟的演化特征,探索分析砷与氟浓度及空间变化机制。研究结果表明：该地区浅层地下水中存在砷与氟超标问题,2020年浅层地下水中高砷（砷浓度大于10μg/L）和高氟（氟浓度大于1mg/L）的样品数量分别占总数的26.1%和26.06%。高砷水分布在太行山前洼地与黄河冲积平原等泥沙互层结构的沉积环境中,还原性较强,同时地下水径流不畅,较强的阳离子交换作用使得其所处环境中Ca²⁺浓度较高。近十年间砷浓度增加的水样占总数31.8%,砷浓度减少的水样占36.7%。砷浓度的增长（减少）是地下水还原性增强（减弱）使得锰氧化物溶解释放（吸附）导致。近十年间不同地区农业灌溉和水源置换等用水方式导致水位变化是引起砷浓度变化的潜在因素。高氟水主要分布在河南新乡与濮阳的黄河沿线,氟离子浓度受到沉积物中萤石等钙质矿物溶解影响,使得高氟地下水出现在低钙环境中。近十年间研究区中氟离子浓度减少的占总数60.2%,氟离子浓度增加的占32.1%,整体变化趋势向好,但是高氟区中氟离子浓度继续增加。氟浓度的变化同样受到Ca²⁺变化影响,在Ca²⁺浓度降低（升高）时氟浓度进一步升高（降低）。地下水中氟升高地区分布在黄河沿线,因此受到黄河水补给影响较大,地下水径流条件较好,阳离子交换作用减弱,使得Ca²⁺浓度降低,此时地下水中砷浓度受到环境影响而降低,因此研究区氟增加地区中砷与氟的分布和演化呈现反向关系。  相似文献   

塔城盆地地下水氟分布特征及富集机理   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

吕晓立  刘景涛  周冰  朱亮  张玉玺 《地学前缘》2021,28(2):426-436

塔城盆地位于新疆维吾尔自治区西北部,干旱少雨,蒸发强烈。但相对于新疆其他盆地,塔城盆地地下水水质相对较好,溶解性总固体和F^-含量相对较低。为解译这种差异及盆地内高氟地下水的成因,本文在对盆地地下水样品水化学组分系统分析的基础上,结合多种水文地质调查数据,利用数理统计、离子比及主成分分析等手段,研究高氟水的成因及其分布规律。结果表明:受气候以及地质等因素控制,研究区地下水氟浓度总体较低,高氟水主要分布于扇前洼地及盆地中部的低洼地带;受承压含水层的顶托补给,地下水氟浓度呈现出上高下低的垂向分带特征。研究区地下水径流途径短,水循环快,水岩相互作用时间较短,且山区地下水以深径流形式循环补给平原区深层承压含水层,再顶托补给潜水,避免了强烈的蒸发浓缩作用。山前洪积扇地下水氟富集主要受控于沉积地层中含氟矿物的风化溶解,而岩石风化、蒸发浓缩、阳离子交换、竞争吸附为平原区地下水氟浓度的主要影响因素。  相似文献   

方解石负载羟基磷灰石复合材料去除水中铀离子的PRB活性介质研究     

张卫民  王振  钱程  郭亚丹  刘海燕 《地学前缘》2021,28(5):175-185

铀污染地下水分布于世界多国,其危害备受关注。本文基于溶胶-凝胶法制备方解石负载羟基磷灰石复合材料(CLHC),通过静态与动态对比试验,探讨了PRB活性介质对水中铀离子的吸附机理和去除效果。试验结果表明,制备的CLHC表面被羟基磷灰石覆盖,对铀离子具有较强的吸附能力。当U的初浓度为5.0 mg/L、试验周期为2 h、溶液pH值为4、CLHC用量为0.5 g/L时,CLHC可以吸附水中所有的铀离子。CLHC对铀离子的吸附过程可以用Langmuir等温吸附模型、粒子内扩散吸附动力学模型和准二级吸附动力学模型较好地进行描述。石英砂负载羟基磷灰石与CLHC相比,后者具有更强的吸附能力,而且具有更长的使用寿命。CLHC在吸附铀的过程中没有价态变化,其对铀离子的吸附主要为离子交换的化学吸附。本研究的成果可为可渗透反应墙被应用于铀污染地下水修复提供试验依据。  相似文献   

Inter‐laboratory Characterisation of Apatite Reference Materials for Chlorine Isotope Analysis     

Alicja Wudarska  Ewa S&#x;aby  Michael Wiedenbeck  Jaime D. Barnes  Magali Bonifacie  Neil C. Sturchio  Grard Bardoux  Frdric Couffignal  Johannes Glodny  Linnea Heraty  Timm John  Christof Kusebauch  Sathish Mayanna  Franziska D. H. Wilke  Ewa Deput 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2021,45(1):121-142

Here we report on a set of six apatite reference materials (chlorapatites MGMH#133648, TUBAF#38 and fluorapatites MGMH#128441A, TUBAF#37, 40, 50) which we have characterised for their chlorine isotope ratios; these RMs span a range of Cl mass fractions within the apatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(F,Cl,OH)₂ solid solution series. Numerous apatite specimens, obtained from mineralogical collections, were initially screened for ³⁷Cl/³⁵Cl homogeneity using SIMS followed by δ³⁷Cl characterisation by gas source mass spectrometry using both dual‐inlet and continuous‐flow modes. We also report major and key trace element compositions as determined by EPMA. The repeatability of our SIMS results was better than ± 0.10‰ (1s) for the five samples with > 0.5 % m/m Cl and ± 0.19‰ (1s) for the low Cl abundance material (0.27% m/m). We also observed a small, but significant crystal orientation effect of 0.38‰ between the mean ³⁷Cl/³⁵Cl ratios measured on three oriented apatite fragments. Furthermore, the results of GS‐IRMS analyses show small but systematic offset of δ³⁷Cl_SMOC values between the three laboratories. Nonetheless, all studied samples have comparable chlorine isotope compositions, with mean 10³δ³⁷Cl_SMOC values between +0.09 and +0.42 and in all cases with 1s ≤ ± 0.25.  相似文献   

济南市新旧动能转换区浅层地下水硝酸盐污染特征     

成世才 《中国煤炭地质》2021,(2)

为查清济南市新旧动能转换先行区浅层地下水NO₃^-污染问题,对研究区7种污染源类型64件浅层地下水样品水质结果进行统计分析后认为:受人类活动影响,地下水中NO₃^-含量的高低往往与几种特定的水化学类型存在对应关系。4类主要污染源类型浅层地下水NO₃^-含量一般顺序为:垃圾渗滤液>禽畜养殖>生活污水>农业种植。垃圾渗滤液下渗导致的NO₃^-污染对应的主要地下水化学类型为HCO₃·Cl^-Na·Mg型,粪便渗滤液及尿液下渗主要对应产生HCO₃·SO₄-Na·Mg型、生活污水入渗对应产生HCO₃·Cl^-Na·Ca型,农业种植区主要对应HCO₃-Na·Ca型。离子相关性分析表明,NO₃^-含量与Ca²⁺、Cl^-存在相关关系。研究区以农业种植为主,大量氮素化肥和石灰等土壤改良剂的使用是导致浅层地下水NO₃^-与Ca²⁺相关的主要因素。NO₃^-与Cl^-在地下水中同属较稳定离子,由长期的人类活动排放、入渗积累或蒸发浓缩富集,是一个地区人类活动密集程度和历史长度的综合反映,提出了NO₃^-与Cl^-质量浓度联合评价地下水污染的基本方法。  相似文献   

Water Role and Its Influence on Hydrogen Isotopic Composition of Natural Gas during Gas Generation     

LI Jijun  LU Shuangfang  WU Wei  XUE Haitao  XU Qingxi  GENG Jie  YU Yinghua 《《地质学报》英文版》2011,85(5):1203-1210

In order to discuss the role and influence of water during the generation of natural gas, the participation mechanism of water during the evolution of organic matter and its influences were summarized. In addition, we carried out an anhydrous cracking experiment of oil extracted from the Feixianguan Formation source rock in a closed system, which led to the establishment of the kinetic models for describing carbon and hydrogen isotopic fractionation during gas generation from organic matter. The models were calibrated and then applied to the northeastern Sichuan Basin. By combining a series of gas generation experiments from octadecane pyrolysis without water or with distilled water in varying mass proportions, several results were proved: (1) the hydrogen isotopic composition of natural gas becomes lighter with the participation of formation water; (2) we can quantitatively study the hydrogen isotopic fractionation with the kinetic model for describing carbon isotopic fractionation; (3) more abundant and reliable geological information can be obtained through the combined application of carbon and hydrogen isotopic indices.  相似文献